Introduction

This week’s newsletter focuses on protocols (blockchains & decentralized applications) that generate the most fees. Understanding which protocols that generate the most fees is interesting for a few different reasons:

1. Which protocols' services are users willing to pay for?
2. What services do these protocols provide and how do they charge their users (business model)?
3. How much are the users actually paying?
4. Are some market sectors more popular than others?
5. Is there a dominant protocol within these market sectors?

We’ll learn that analyzing only one chart from the Terminal can tell us a lot about the industry dynamics in the crypto market.

Let’s dive in!

1. Top fee-generating protocols with a highlight on Blockchains

A majority of Fees is generated by general-purpose blockchains

• Of the top 20, 5 are L1 blockchains, while only 1 is an L2 blockchain.
• In the past 30 days, Ethereum generated the most Fees (~$180M). It’s worth highlighting that Base, despite the relatively low average transaction fee of ~$0.03 (compared to ~$4.5 on the Ethereum L1), still places among the top 20 because of the surge in user activity on the L2.
• Outside of L1 & L2 blockchains, all the other protocols in the top 20 belong to the DeFi category.

2. Top fee-generating protocols with a highlight on Lido Finance and Jito

Lido generates the most Fees out of all applications in crypto

• Jito runs 2 different businesses: liquid staking (JitoSOL) and an MEV marketplace. The former monetizes via an AUM based management fee, and the latter by a take rate on the MEV tips paid to validators (the above chart includes only the MEV tips). Lido runs 1 business: liquid staking. It monetizes by charging a take rate on the staking rewards it earns for its depositors.
• Lido generates ~2x in Fees compared to Jito, but Jito is growing faster.
• Lido has $33.5B in Assets staked, whereas Jito has $1.6B. Lido’s fully diluted market cap is $1.9B, whereas Jito’s is $2.5B.

3. Top fee-generating protocols with a highlight on Exchanges (DEX)

The Uniswap DAO dominates the DEX category with monthly Fees nearing $100M

• The Uniswap DAO generates the most Fees among DEXs. Note that Uniswap Labs is included as a separate entity, it monetizes by charging users who access the Uniswap Protocol through the official Uniswap Labs frontend application.
• Uniswap DAO generates over ~2x in Fees compared to all the other DEXs in the top 20.
• Aerodrome, a Base-native DEX, generates ~2x more fees than its underlying L2 blockchain.

4. Top fee-generating protocols with a highlight on MakerDAO and Ethena

Ethena is on track to overtake MakerDAO in Fees

• MakerDAO and Ethena dominate the decentralized Stablecoin issuers category.
• The biggest stablecoin issuers, Tether (USDT) and Circle (USDC) are not included as they earn their Fees & Revenue offchain.
• Ethena was launched in November 2024, whereas MakerDAO was launched already in November 2017.

5. Top fee-generating protocols with a highlight on Lending protocols

Aave is the 4th most fee-generating application in crypto

• Aave is the clear market leader in the lending category, with a ~$30M Fee gap to Morpho, which comes in 2nd place in the lending market sector.
• Compound and Aave both launched in 2020, but Aave has since managed to outcompete Compound in terms of Active loans and Fees.
• Despite Aave’s dominance in the lending category, Venus stands out as the clear market leader for lending on the BNB Chain. Right now, ~90% of Venus’ Fees are generated from its deployment on the BNB Chain.

6. Top fee-generating protocols; breakdown by chain

Most of the top fee-generating applications are deployed to multiple blockchains

• A vast majority of the top 20 fee-generating applications in crypto have a deployment on Ethereum (L1 and L2s).
• It is worth noting that asset issuers (Stablecoin issuers and Liquid staking providers) tend to be governed from a single chain, while their core product (stablecoin or LST) is made available as a bridged asset on multiple other chains.
• Of the top 20, Aerodrome is the only application that has been launched from an L2 blockchain (Base).

FAQ

What are Fees?

• The aggregate fees paid by the end users of the protocol’s service.
• The methodology for Fees varies between Market sectors, because protocol’s in different Market sectors tend to have different business models:
  • Blockchains L1 & L2 = sell blockspace for transaction fees
  • Liquid staking = invest users’ stake to earn staking rewards
  • Exchange (DEX, Derivatives) = enable asset exchange against trading fees
  • Lending = provide loans against interest payments
  • Stablecoin issuers = provide access to USD against interest payments and/or invest user deposits to earn yield
  • Asset management = invest user deposits to earn yield

What’s the difference between Fees and Revenue?

• Revenue is calculated based on the take rate (%) that the protocol applies to Fees.
• The take rate can be anything between 0-100%.
• Currently, the Uniswap DAO and Bitcoin both have a take rate of 0%, whereas Ethereum tends to have a take rate of ~80%.

What’s the difference between Revenue and Earnings?

• Earnings is calculated by subtracting (i) Token incentives and (ii) Operating expenses from the Revenue.
  • Token incentives = an indication of how much the protocol spends on user acquisition. It’s calculated as the USD value of the protocol’s native tokens that have been distributed to users.
  • Operating expenses = an indication of how much the protocol spends on personnel and infrastructure to develop, maintain, and improve the protocol.
    • Note that a vast majority of protocols do not post their Operating expenses onchain, which is why that metric is yet to be added for most protocols.

When should you look at Fees vs. Revenue or Earnings?

• As a rule of thumb, investors should pay attention to Fees for early-stage protocols that have not started to monetize yet, and Revenue and/or Earnings for protocols that have started to monetize:
  • Early-stage: Fees, indicates that the protocol has paying customers.
  • Later-stage: Revenue, indicates that the protocol is able to monetize its paying customers.
  • Mature-stage: Earnings, indicates that the protocol is able to return value to its tokenholders.
• It’s also important to look at the ratios between:
  • Revenue / Fees = ideally, the protocol has so much leverage over its supply-side (LPs) that it can charge a high take rate on the Fees.
  • Earnings / Revenue = ideally, the protocol operates with a (i) low user acquisition spend, and (ii) operational overhead, which leads it to retain a high % of Revenue as Earnings.

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