zkSync Era batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum together with a zero-knowledge proof, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

zkSync Era is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. zkSync Era was founded by Matter Labs and launched in 2023.

Matter Labs team owns and governs the protocol. Matter Labs' investors include a16z, Lightspeed Venture Partners, Blockchain Capital, etc.

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zkSync Era

# zkSync Era Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the average amount of fees paid per daily active user on zkSync Era, expressed in USD. This metric helps assess user engagement economics and protocol monetization efficiency by dividing total daily fees by the number of unique users who performed transactions on that day.

## 2. Data sources

- **zkSync Era transaction records**: Complete transaction data including sender addresses, gas usage metrics, and effective gas prices paid for each transaction
- **End-of-day token price feeds**: ETH/USD exchange rates used for currency conversion of fee amounts
- **Token metadata**: Reference data for ETH token address mapping and decimal handling

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Transaction fee calculation
- **Purpose**: Calculate total daily fees paid by users on zkSync Era
- **Logic**: Extract all zkSync Era transactions with their gas consumption details. For each transaction, calculate the fee by multiplying `gas_used` by `effective_gas_price`. The effective gas price is converted from wei to ETH by dividing by 10^18. Fees are then aggregated by day and summed across all transactions. The ETH-denominated fees are converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds, with proper chain attribution updated from 'ethereum' to 'zksyncera' for accurate protocol mapping.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used` (gas units consumed), `effective_gas_price` (gas price in wei), `token_address` (ETH reference), `block_timestamp` (transaction timing)

### Component B: Daily active user calculation  
- **Purpose**: Count unique users who performed transactions each day
- **Logic**: Identify all transaction sender addresses from zkSync Era transaction records. Each sender is classified as a 'Transaction sender' user type within the 'blockchains_l2' market sector and 'blockchain' business segment. Unique users are counted per day using HyperLogLog (HLL) aggregation for scalable computation. The HLL approach allows efficient counting across multiple dimensional breakdowns including project-level, chain-level, user-type, and product-level aggregations.
- **Key fields**: `from_address` (transaction sender), `block_timestamp` (transaction date), `user_type` (classification as transaction sender)

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: The AFPU calculation divides total daily fees (in USD) by the count of daily active users using the calculate_arpu macro, which handles the division logic and proper null value management
- **Currency conversion**: ETH fees are converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds through the convert_to_usd_and_correct_decimals transformation
- **Time aggregation**: All data is aggregated using daily boundaries with timestamp truncation to ensure consistent day-level calculations
- **Final calculation**: AFPU = Total Daily Fees (USD) ÷ Daily Active Users (Unique Count). The result is processed through the finalize_metric_afpu macro using a 'fill_zeros' strategy to ensure complete time series continuity for days with no activity.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

zkSync EraZK

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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