Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Stellar is a distributed ledger for transfer and store of value (a blockchain). Stellar was founded by Jed McCaleb launched in 2014.

XLM holders own and govern the protocol. They currently take all of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue).

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Blockchains (L1)

Stellar

# Stellar Transactions per second Methodology

## 1. Overview

The Stellar transactions per second (TPS) metric measures the average rate of transaction processing on the Stellar blockchain over daily periods. This metric provides insight into network activity and throughput by converting daily transaction volumes into per-second rates. The calculation takes the total number of unique transactions processed each day and divides by the number of seconds in a day (86,400) to produce an average transactions per second value.

## 2. Data sources

The metric relies on the following data sources:
- **Stellar blockchain transaction records**: Complete transaction data from the Stellar network including transaction hashes, block timestamps, source accounts, fees charged, success status, and operation counts
- **Table maintenance metadata**: Internal tracking data used for incremental processing optimization

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Transaction data extraction
- **Purpose**: Extract and standardize raw Stellar transaction data for processing
- **Logic**: Retrieves all transactions from Stellar blockchain records, applying standardized field mappings and data type conversions. Each transaction record includes the `block_timestamp`, `transaction_hash`, `source_account` (used as both from and to address), `fee_charged`, `successful` status, and `operation_count`. The component classifies all transactions under the 'stellar' chain with 'blockchains_l1' market sector and 'blockchain' business segment. Incremental processing filters focus on recent data based on partition timestamps.
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` for time-based aggregation, `transaction_hash` as the unique transaction identifier, `successful` status for filtering valid transactions, and standardized chain and sector classifications

### Component B: Daily transaction counting
- **Purpose**: Aggregate transactions into daily counts with data quality controls
- **Logic**: Groups transaction data by daily time boundaries using timestamp truncation to day-level granularity. Counts distinct transaction hashes per day to ensure accurate transaction volumes without double-counting. Applies data validation and quality checks through finalization macros that ensure schema consistency, validate identifiers, and fill any missing time periods with zero values to maintain complete time series data.
- **Key fields**: `timestamp` truncated to daily boundaries, `transaction_count` as the distinct count of transaction hashes per day, and standardized dimensional fields for chain identification

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: The daily transaction counts flow directly into the final TPS calculation without additional joining or combining of separate data streams
- **Currency conversion**: No currency conversion is required as this metric measures transaction volume rather than monetary value
- **Time aggregation**: Uses daily time boundaries as the base aggregation level, with timestamp truncation ensuring consistent daily periods across all calculations
- **Final calculation**: Divides the daily transaction count by the number of seconds in a day using safe division (`safe_divide(sum(transaction_count), 86400)`). The seconds_in_day variable is set to 86,400 to convert daily volumes to per-second averages. Safe division protects against division by zero scenarios and ensures robust calculation under edge conditions. The result represents the average transactions per second for each day, providing a standardized measure of Stellar network throughput.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Average confirmed user transactions added per second.

StellarXLM

Transactions per second

Transactions per second

Competitive landscape