OP Mainnet batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

OP Mainnet is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. OP Mainnet was founded by Jinglan Wang, Karl Floersch & Kevin Ho and launched in 2021.

Optimism team & investors own and govern the protocol. Optimism’s investors include Paradigm, a16z, IDEO CoLab Ventures, etc.

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OP Mainnet

# OP Mainnet Average revenue per user (ARPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) measures the average daily revenue generated per active user on the Optimism network. This metric answers the business question: "How much revenue does each active user generate per day on average?" The calculation divides total daily revenue by the number of daily active users, where revenue includes both Optimism transaction fees and fee distributions from Base, while users are defined as unique transaction senders.

## 2. Data sources

- **Optimism transaction records**: Complete transaction data including gas usage, gas prices, L1 fees, and sender/receiver addresses
- **Base blockchain events**: Parsed `FeesDisbursed` events from Base's FeeDisburser contract that distribute fees to Optimism
- **End-of-day token price feeds**: WETH/ETH price data for USD conversion
- **Token metadata**: WETH token information including contract addresses and symbols for both Optimism and Base chains

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Daily active users calculation
- **Purpose**: Identifies and counts unique active users per day on Optimism
- **Logic**: Extracts unique transaction senders (from_address field) from Optimism transaction records, grouping by daily timestamp boundaries. Users are classified as "Transaction sender" type. Uses HyperLogLog aggregation for efficient distinct counting across multiple dimensions including chain, user type, and product breakdowns.
- **Key fields**: `from_address` as user identifier, `block_timestamp` for daily grouping, `user_type` classification

### Component B: Optimism transaction fees
- **Purpose**: Calculates gas fees paid on Optimism transactions
- **Logic**: Processes Optimism transaction records to calculate both L2 and L1 components of gas fees. L2 gas fees computed as gas used multiplied by gas price, then normalized by dividing by 1e18 to convert from wei to ETH. L1 gas fees extracted directly from the `l1_fee_amount` field and normalized by dividing by 1e18. Both components summed per transaction and aggregated daily.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used_amount`, `gas_price` for L2 fees; `l1_fee_amount` for L1 fees; `block_timestamp` for daily aggregation

### Component C: Base fee distributions
- **Purpose**: Captures fee distributions from Base network paid to Optimism
- **Logic**: Processes `FeesDisbursed` events from Base's FeeDisburser contract. Extracts the amount paid to Optimism (`paidToOptimism` field) and normalizes by dividing by 1e18 to convert from wei to ETH. These represent additional revenue for Optimism from Base network operations.
- **Key fields**: `paidToOptimism` amount, `block_timestamp` for daily grouping, contract address for event filtering

### Component D: Revenue aggregation
- **Purpose**: Combines all fee sources into total daily revenue
- **Logic**: Unions Optimism transaction fees with Base fee distributions, both denominated in ETH. Aggregates by daily timestamp boundaries and token address. Converts all ETH amounts to USD using end-of-day price feeds. Applies zero-filling for days with no revenue data.
- **Key fields**: Combined `fees` amounts, `timestamp` for daily boundaries, `token_address` for price lookup

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Daily revenue (from Component D) divided by daily active user count (from Component A) using the `calculate_arpu` macro
- **Currency conversion**: All fees converted from ETH to USD using end-of-day price feeds before revenue calculation
- **Time aggregation**: Both revenue and user metrics use daily timestamp truncation with consistent boundary logic
- **Final calculation**: ARPU = Total Daily Revenue USD / Daily Active User Count, with zero-filling applied for days with missing data to ensure complete time series

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

OP MainnetOP

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

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