OP Mainnet batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

OP Mainnet is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. OP Mainnet was founded by Jinglan Wang, Karl Floersch & Kevin Ho and launched in 2021.

Optimism team & investors own and govern the protocol. Optimism’s investors include Paradigm, a16z, IDEO CoLab Ventures, etc.

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OP Mainnet

# OP Mainnet Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the average amount of fees paid per daily active user on the Optimism network. This metric helps assess user monetization and fee efficiency by dividing total daily fees collected by the number of unique users who transacted on the network each day. The calculation combines gas fees from both L1 (Ethereum) and L2 (Optimism) components, plus fee distributions from Base chain, to capture the complete fee revenue generated per active user.

## 2. Data sources

The AFPU calculation draws from several blockchain and external data sources:
- **Optimism transaction records**: Complete transaction data including gas usage, prices, sender/receiver addresses, and L1/L2 fee components
- **Base chain event logs**: Parsed `FeesDisbursed` events from the FeeDisburser contract that track fee distributions back to Optimism
- **End-of-day token price feeds**: ETH/USD price data for converting fee amounts to USD values
- **Token metadata**: ETH and WETH contract addresses across Optimism and Base networks for consistent token identification

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Fees calculation

- **Purpose**: Aggregate all fee revenue generated on Optimism network, including L1 and L2 gas fees plus distributed fees from Base chain
- **Logic**: Extract gas fee data from Optimism transactions, calculating both L1 fees (using `receipt_l1_fee` field) and L2 fees (multiplying `receipt_gas_used` by `gas_price`). Convert wei amounts to ETH by dividing by 1e18. Additionally include fee distributions from Base chain by parsing `FeesDisbursed` events and extracting the `paidToOptimism` amount. Aggregate all fee amounts daily and convert to USD using end-of-day price feeds
- **Key fields**: `receipt_l1_fee` (L1 gas fees), `receipt_gas_used` and `gas_price` (for L2 fee calculation), `paidToOptimism` (Base fee distributions), `block_timestamp` (for daily aggregation)

### Component B: Daily active users calculation  

- **Purpose**: Count unique users who initiated transactions on Optimism each day
- **Logic**: Extract unique transaction sender addresses from Optimism transaction records using the `from_address` field. Aggregate by day using HyperLogLog algorithm for efficient distinct counting. Create multiple dimensional breakdowns including project-level, chain-level, user-type-level, and product-level aggregations. Apply zero-filling strategy for days with no transactions to maintain continuous time series
- **Key fields**: `from_address` (transaction senders), `block_timestamp` (for daily grouping), `chain` (network identifier)

### Final aggregation

- **Combining components**: The `calculate_arpu` macro joins the daily fees totals with daily active user counts by timestamp and data identifier, performing the division to calculate average fees per user
- **Currency conversion**: All fee amounts are converted to USD using end-of-day ETH price feeds before aggregation, ensuring consistent currency representation across time periods  
- **Time aggregation**: Both fees and user counts are aggregated to daily boundaries using timestamp truncation, with missing days filled with zeros to maintain complete time series
- **Final calculation**: AFPU equals total daily fees in USD divided by the count of daily active users: `total_fees_usd / daily_active_users` for each day, with the `finalize_metric_afpu` macro applying final schema validation and formatting

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

OP MainnetOP

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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