Ink batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

Ink is an Ethereum Layer 2 (L2) blockchain built on Optimism's Superchain, focused on providing a secure, scalable infrastructure for Web3 applications.

Kraken team owns and governs the protocol. Kraken's investors include RIT Capital Partners, Hummingbird Ventures, Money Partners Group, etc.

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Blockchains (L2)

# Ink Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the average amount in USD fees paid per daily active user on the Ink blockchain. This metric answers the business question "How much does the average user contribute in fees per day?" and is calculated by dividing total daily fees by the number of daily active users. The calculation uses Ink blockchain transaction data to identify both fee-paying activity and active users.

## 2. Data sources

The AFPU calculation relies on the following raw data sources:
- **Ink blockchain transactions**: Complete transaction records from the Ink blockchain including sender addresses, gas usage metrics, gas prices, and L1 fee components
- **End-of-day token price feeds**: USD price data for ETH to convert fee amounts from native tokens to USD values
- **Token metadata**: Information about the native ETH token address used for fee payments on the Ink network

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Daily active users calculation
- **Purpose**: Counts the number of unique users (transaction senders) active each day
- **Logic**: Extract all transaction records from Ink blockchain data and identify the `from_address` field as the transaction sender. Truncate the `block_timestamp` to daily boundaries and count distinct `user_address` values per day. Use HyperLogLog (HLL) aggregation for scalable distinct counting across large datasets. Create dimensional breakdowns by chain, user type, and product for flexible reporting.
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` for temporal grouping, `from_address` as the user identifier, `user_type` set to "Transaction sender"

### Component B: Daily fees calculation
- **Purpose**: Calculates the total fees paid in USD across all transactions each day
- **Logic**: Extract gas-related fields from Ink transaction records including `gas_used`, `gas_price`, `receipt_l1_gas_used`, `receipt_l1_gas_price`, and `receipt_l1_fee_scalar`. Calculate L2 gas fees by multiplying `gas_used` by `gas_price` and dividing by 1e18 to convert from wei to ETH. Calculate L1 gas fees by multiplying `l1_gas_used`, `l1_gas_price`, and `l1_fee_scalar`, then dividing by 1e18. Sum L1 and L2 fees for total transaction fees. Convert ETH-denominated fees to USD using end-of-day price feeds. Aggregate total fees by day using daily timestamp boundaries.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used`, `gas_price` for L2 fees, `receipt_l1_gas_used`, `receipt_l1_gas_price`, `receipt_l1_fee_scalar` for L1 fees, `block_timestamp` for daily grouping

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Join daily active user counts with daily fee totals using the same daily timestamp boundaries
- **Currency conversion**: Fees are converted from wei to ETH by dividing by 1e18, then converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds through the convert_to_usd_and_correct_decimals macro
- **Time aggregation**: Both user counts and fees are aggregated using daily boundaries created by truncating `block_timestamp` to day level
- **Final calculation**: AFPU is calculated by dividing total daily fees in USD by the count of daily active users for each day. The result represents the average amount in USD that each active user contributed in fees on that specific day

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Ink

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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