Immutable zkEVM batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

Immutable zkEVM is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. Immutable zkEVM was founded by the Immutable team and launched in 2023.

Immutable team owns and governs the protocol. Immutable's investors include Coinbase Ventures, Temasek, Tencent Holdings, etc.

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Immutable zkEVM

# Transactions per second Methodology

## Overview

Transactions per second measures the average number of confirmed user transactions added to the blockchain each second. It reflects both the network’s throughput and real-time usage.

## Data sources

- Blockchain transaction records including hashes and status
- Block metadata capturing timestamps and confirmational data
- Network performance monitoring feeds and message logs

## Common calculation approaches

### Transaction count normalization
Raw transaction counts are extracted from blockchain records and normalized by the total number of seconds in a day (86,400). For example, unique transactions are aggregated from block metadata on networks such as Base and Tron to determine average daily throughput.

### Network-level performance tracking
For high-throughput environments, transaction rates are derived from pre-aggregated network statistics or instruction execution data. Message execution data is extracted from Internet Computer, while confirmed transaction counts are processed from block metadata and program instructions on Solana.

### Cross-layer ecosystem aggregation
Network activity is consolidated across multiple layers to represent the total throughput of an ecosystem. Transaction counts are aggregated from BNB Chain—including both the BSC Layer 1 and the opBNB Layer 2—and divided by the daily time interval to calculate a combined rate.

**Note:** The calculation approaches and protocol examples above are representative patterns. Individual protocol implementations may vary.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Average confirmed user transactions added per second.

Immutable zkEVMIMX

Transactions per second

Transactions per second

Competitive landscape

Chain breakdown