Immutable zkEVM batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

Immutable zkEVM is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. Immutable zkEVM was founded by the Immutable team and launched in 2023.

Immutable team owns and governs the protocol. Immutable's investors include Coinbase Ventures, Temasek, Tencent Holdings, etc.

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Immutable zkEVM

# Average transaction fee Methodology

## Overview

Average transaction fee measures the average fee users pay per transaction. It reflects how much it typically costs to use the network.

## Data sources

- On-chain transaction records and event logs
- End-of-day price feeds for native token USD conversion
- Asset metadata for decimal normalization

## Common calculation approaches

### Multi-layer execution layer logic
For blockchain networks with dual execution environments, including Moonbeam and Astar, fee data is gathered from both native Substrate and EVM layers. `TransactionFeePaid` events from `transactionPayment` pallets serve for native fees, while `Executed` events from `ethereum` pallets and `Withdraw` events from `balances` pallets are reviewed for fees from EVM-compatible transactions. The average fee results from dividing the sum of these values by the total daily number of transactions.

### Event-based fee summing
On Layer 1 blockchains such as Ajuna Network and Pendulum, transaction costs are contained within specific event logs emitted during execution. `TransactionFeePaid` events, which include both base fees and tips, are summed to define the daily fee value. This total value is divided by the daily transaction count to arrive at the average fee.

### Transaction-level gas analysis
For networks including Viction, fee amounts are evaluated by reviewing individual transaction records for gas usage and gas prices. Gas consumption is multiplied by the gas price and normalized by decimal precision for each transaction to define the fee. These individual fees are totaled and divided by the daily number of transactions to find the network average.

**Note:** The calculation approaches and protocol examples above are representative patterns. Individual protocol implementations may vary.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Immutable zkEVMIMX

Average transaction fee

Average transaction fee

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Chain breakdown