Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees). DA costs for users are reflected in the transactions fees paid.

Celestia is a proof of stake blockchain optimized for data availability (DA). Celestia was founded by Mustafa Al-Bassam, etc. and launched in 2023.

TIA holders own and govern the protocol. They currently do not take a cut of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue). Celestia's investors include Polychain Capital, Placeholder, Coinbase Ventures, etc.

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Celestia

# Celestia Average revenue per user (ARPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) measures the daily revenue generated per active user on the Celestia blockchain. This metric is calculated by dividing the protocol's daily revenue by the number of daily active users. ARPU provides insights into the economic efficiency and user monetization of the Celestia network, helping assess the protocol's ability to generate revenue from its user base.

## 2. Data sources

The calculation relies on three primary data sources:

- **Celestia transaction records**: Raw blockchain transaction data containing fee amounts, tips, and transaction status information
- **Celestia message event logs**: Blockchain event logs containing message events with transaction sender information stored as JSON attributes
- **End-of-day price feeds**: CoinGecko price data for the TIA token to convert native token fees to USD values

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Daily active users calculation

**Purpose**: Identifies and counts unique users who performed transactions on Celestia each day

**Logic**: The system processes Celestia message event logs to extract transaction participants. A JavaScript user-defined function parses JSON attributes within message events to extract the `sender` field, which identifies the transaction originator. The process filters for events with `event_type` equal to 'message' to focus on transaction-related activities. Users are classified as 'Transaction sender' type and mapped to the 'blockchains_l1' market sector and 'blockchain' business segment. Daily unique users are counted using HyperLogLog aggregation for efficient processing of large datasets.

**Key fields**: The `sender` address from parsed JSON attributes serves as the unique user identifier, while `block_timestamp` provides the temporal dimension for daily aggregation.

### Component B: Transaction fees collection

**Purpose**: Captures and processes all successful transaction fees paid on the Celestia network

**Logic**: The system extracts transaction fee data from Celestia transaction records, combining both the base `transaction_fee` and `transaction_tip` amounts. Fee amounts are converted from micro-units by dividing by 10^6 to get the actual TIA token amounts. The process excludes failed transactions by filtering out records where the transaction fee is null, ensuring only successful, fee-paying transactions are included. Daily fee totals are aggregated by summing all transaction fees within each day.

**Key fields**: The `transaction_fee` and `transaction_tip` amounts are combined and converted to proper decimal representation, while `block_timestamp` enables daily aggregation.

### Component C: USD conversion

**Purpose**: Converts native TIA token fees to USD values for standardized revenue measurement

**Logic**: Daily aggregated fees in TIA tokens are converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds from CoinGecko. The conversion uses the TIA token's CoinGecko identifier to match against the appropriate price data. This ensures consistent USD valuation across all revenue calculations.

**Key fields**: The `fees` amount in TIA tokens is multiplied by the corresponding USD price to produce `fees_usd`.

### Component D: Revenue calculation

**Purpose**: Determines the protocol's actual revenue share from total transaction fees

**Logic**: The system applies Celestia's community tax rate to calculate protocol revenue. According to Celestia's parameters, a 2% community tax is applied to all transaction fees, representing the protocol's revenue share. This percentage is multiplied by the total daily fees in USD to determine the protocol's daily revenue portion.

**Key fields**: The calculation transforms `fees` to `revenue` by applying the 0.02 multiplier (2% rate).

### Final aggregation

**Combining components**: The user count data and revenue data are combined using the ARPU calculation macro, which performs a daily join between the aggregated user metrics and revenue metrics based on the timestamp dimension.

**Currency conversion**: All revenue amounts are converted to USD using end-of-day CoinGecko price feeds for the TIA token, ensuring consistent monetary representation.

**Time aggregation**: Both components use daily timestamp truncation to ensure alignment. Days with missing data are filled with zeros to maintain continuous time series.

**Final calculation**: ARPU is calculated by dividing the daily revenue (in USD) by the daily active user count for each day. The formula is: Daily Revenue ÷ Daily Active Users = ARPU. Days with zero users result in zero ARPU values to avoid division errors.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

CelestiaTIA

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

Average revenue per user (ARPU)

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