Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees). DA costs for users are reflected in the transactions fees paid.

Celestia is a proof of stake blockchain optimized for data availability (DA). Celestia was founded by Mustafa Al-Bassam, etc. and launched in 2023.

TIA holders own and govern the protocol. They currently do not take a cut of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue). Celestia's investors include Polychain Capital, Placeholder, Coinbase Ventures, etc.

github

twitter

discord

website

Blockchains (L1)

Celestia

# Celestia Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the average amount of fees paid per daily active user on the Celestia network. This metric is calculated by dividing the total daily fees collected by the network by the number of unique daily active users. AFPU helps assess user engagement value and network monetization efficiency by showing how much revenue each user generates on average through transaction fees.

## 2. Data sources

- **Celestia transaction records**: Raw transaction data from the Celestia blockchain containing fee information, including both base transaction fees and optional tips paid by users
- **Celestia message event logs**: Blockchain event logs containing message events with transaction metadata, used to extract user addresses from transaction senders
- **End-of-day price feeds**: Token price data from CoinGecko API for TIA (Celestia's native token) to enable USD conversion
- **Token metadata**: Celestia token configuration data including decimal precision and chain identifiers

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Transaction fee extraction
- **Purpose**: Extract and normalize transaction fees from raw Celestia blockchain data
- **Logic**: Transaction records are filtered to exclude failed transactions (those with null fees). For valid transactions, the total fee is calculated by combining the `transaction_fee` field with the `transaction_tip` field. Both values are converted from their raw format (measured in micro-TIA units of 10^6) to whole TIA tokens by dividing by 10^6. This normalization ensures fees are expressed in the standard TIA token denomination.
- **Key fields**: `transaction_fee` and `transaction_tip` are the raw fee components, `block_timestamp` provides timing information, and `transaction_hash` serves as the unique identifier

### Component B: Daily active user identification
- **Purpose**: Identify and count unique users who performed transactions each day
- **Logic**: Message event logs are processed to extract user addresses from transaction senders. A JavaScript user-defined function parses JSON attributes within message events to locate the `sender` field, which contains the user's address. These addresses are collected with their corresponding transaction timestamps. Users are then deduplicated per day using HyperLogLog (HLL) sketches, which provide efficient approximate counting across multiple dimensional breakdowns including project-level, chain-level, user-type, and product-level aggregations.
- **Key fields**: `event_attributes` contains the JSON message data, `block_timestamp` provides timing, and the extracted `user_address` identifies unique users

### Component C: Fee aggregation and USD conversion
- **Purpose**: Calculate total daily fees and convert to USD values
- **Logic**: Transaction fees are grouped by day and summed to get total daily fee amounts in TIA tokens. These daily totals are then converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds from CoinGecko. The conversion applies the closing price for each day to ensure consistent valuation timing across all metrics.
- **Key fields**: Daily aggregated `fees` in TIA tokens, `coingecko_id` for price lookup, and converted USD fee amounts

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Daily fee totals (in USD) are divided by daily active user counts to calculate the average fees per user. The calculation uses the deduplicated user counts from the HyperLogLog aggregation to ensure accurate user counting
- **Currency conversion**: All fee calculations are performed in native TIA tokens first, then converted to USD using end-of-day CoinGecko price feeds to ensure consistent USD valuation
- **Time aggregation**: Data is aggregated at daily boundaries using timestamp truncation to the day level, with all timestamps converted to consistent daily periods
- **Final calculation**: AFPU = Total Daily Fees (USD) ÷ Daily Active User Count, with zero-filling applied for days with no transaction activity to maintain continuous time series data

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

CelestiaTIA

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Competitive landscape