Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

BNB Chain is a smart contract platform for decentralized applications (a blockchain). BNB Chain was founded by Changpeng Zhao and launched in 2020.

BNB holders own and govern the protocol. They currently take a cut of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue).

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BNB Chain

# BNB Chain Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average fees per user (AFPU) measures the average amount of transaction fees paid per daily active user on the BSC ecosystem. This metric is calculated by dividing total daily fees by the number of daily active users (DAU) across both BSC (Layer 1) and opBNB (Layer 2). The metric helps assess the economic burden on users and the cost efficiency of the blockchain ecosystem.

## 2. Data sources

- **BSC blockchain transaction records**: Complete transaction data from the BSC Layer 1 blockchain including transaction hashes, sender addresses, gas usage, gas prices, and blob gas information
- **opBNB blockchain transaction records**: Transaction data from the opBNB Layer 2 blockchain including execution gas costs and Layer 1 data availability fees with detailed gas pricing components
- **End-of-day WBNB price feeds**: Daily USD price data for Wrapped BNB used for currency conversion of all fee calculations
- **BNB token metadata**: Token contract information and decimal precision data for proper fee calculation and formatting

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: BSC Layer 1 fee calculation
- **Purpose**: Calculate total daily gas fees paid on BSC Layer 1
- **Logic**: Extract all BSC transactions and calculate gas fees by multiplying `gas_used` by `effective_gas_price`. For transactions with blob data, add additional blob gas fees calculated as `blob_gas_used` multiplied by `blob_gas_price`. Normalize amounts by dividing by 10^18 to convert from wei to BNB. Aggregate all fees by day to get total daily BSC L1 fees.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used`, `effective_gas_price`, `blob_gas_used`, `blob_gas_price`, `block_timestamp`

### Component B: opBNB Layer 2 fee calculation  
- **Purpose**: Calculate total daily fees paid on opBNB Layer 2 including both execution and data availability costs
- **Logic**: Extract opBNB transactions and calculate two fee components. First, compute L2 execution fees by multiplying `gas_used` by `gas_price` and dividing by 1e18. Second, calculate L1 data availability fees by multiplying `l1_gas_used` by `l1_gas_price` and `l1_fee_scalar`, then dividing by 1e18. Sum both components for each transaction and aggregate by day to get total daily opBNB fees.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used`, `gas_price`, `l1_gas_used`, `l1_gas_price`, `l1_fee_scalar`, `block_timestamp`

### Component C: Daily active user counting
- **Purpose**: Count unique daily active users across both BSC and opBNB chains
- **Logic**: Identify transaction senders (`from_address`) from both BSC L1 and opBNB L2 transaction records. Use HyperLogLog aggregation to efficiently count distinct users while handling potential cross-chain overlaps where the same address is active on both chains. Aggregate user counts by day and apply various dimensional breakdowns (by chain, user type, product).
- **Key fields**: `from_address`, `block_timestamp`, `chain`, `user_type`

### Component D: USD conversion
- **Purpose**: Convert all BNB-denominated fees to USD values
- **Logic**: Apply end-of-day WBNB price feeds to convert both BSC L1 and opBNB L2 fees from BNB to USD. Use the convert_to_usd_and_correct_decimals macro to handle proper decimal precision and currency conversion timing. Ensure all fees are converted using the same day's closing price for consistency.
- **Key fields**: `fee_amount`, `token_address`, `timestamp`

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Sum USD-converted fees from both BSC L1 and opBNB L2 to get total daily fees across the entire BSC ecosystem. Combine daily active user counts from both chains using HyperLogLog merge operations to avoid double-counting users active on multiple chains.
- **Currency conversion**: All fees are converted to USD using end-of-day WBNB pricing to ensure consistent valuation across the ecosystem
- **Time aggregation**: Both fees and user counts are aggregated using daily time boundaries (timestamp truncated to day level)
- **Final calculation**: Divide total daily fees in USD by the total daily active user count to produce the average fees per user metric. Apply zero-filling for days with missing data to maintain continuous time series coverage.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

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Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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