Validators process & store the uploaded data and collect upload & storage fees from data uploaders (supply-side fees).

Swarm is a data storage network built on Gnosis. Swarm was founded by Viktor Tron, Jeffrey Wilcke and Daniel A. Nagy and launched in 2016.

BZZ tokenholders own and govern the protocol. They currently don’t take a cut of the fees paid by data uploaders.

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Swarm

# Swarm Fees Methodology

## 1. Overview

Swarm fees measures the total fee revenue generated by the Swarm decentralized storage network from postage stamp purchases and top-ups. This metric captures the economic activity within Swarm's incentive system, where users purchase postage stamps to store data on the network and can top up existing stamps to extend storage duration. The calculation aggregates daily fee amounts from Gnosis chain events and converts them to USD using Ethereum BZZ token pricing.

## 2. Data sources

The calculation relies on these underlying raw data sources:
- **Gnosis chain event logs**: Parsed `BatchCreated` and `BatchTopUp` events from the PostageStamp contract on Gnosis chain
- **Transaction metadata**: Block timestamps, transaction hashes, and log indices from Gnosis chain transactions
- **End-of-day price feeds**: BZZ token price data referenced from Ethereum chain pricing
- **Token metadata**: BZZ token decimal configuration for proper value conversion

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Raw fee extraction
- **Purpose**: Extracts fee amounts from Swarm postage stamp events on Gnosis chain
- **Logic**: The system identifies two specific event types from the PostageStamp contract: `BatchCreated` events (when users purchase new postage stamps) capture the `totalAmount` field, while `BatchTopUp` events (when users add value to existing stamps) capture the `topupAmount` field. Each event is deduplicated using transaction hash and log index to prevent double-counting
- **Key fields**: `totalAmount` from BatchCreated events, `topupAmount` from BatchTopUp events, `block_timestamp` for daily aggregation, `address` for account identification

### Component B: Business classification and cross-chain pricing
- **Purpose**: Applies consistent business categorization and establishes pricing reference
- **Logic**: All fees are classified under the Infrastructure business line with 'infrastructure' market sector and 'other' business segment. Although events occur on Gnosis chain, the system uses Ethereum BZZ token address for price calculations, maintaining Gnosis as the real chain identifier while referencing Ethereum pricing data
- **Key fields**: `business_line`, `market_sector_id`, `business_segment_id`, `token_address` set to Ethereum BZZ contract, `real_chain` maintained as Gnosis

### Component C: USD conversion and decimal correction
- **Purpose**: Converts raw token amounts to standardized USD values with proper decimal handling
- **Logic**: The system applies end-of-day BZZ token price feeds to convert fee amounts to USD values. Decimal correction ensures proper token value representation based on BZZ token metadata. Daily timestamp boundaries are established using timestamp truncation to day level granularity
- **Key fields**: `fees` converted to USD, `timestamp` truncated to daily boundaries, corrected decimal values

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Raw fee amounts from both event types are processed through the same USD conversion pipeline and combined into daily totals
- **Currency conversion**: USD conversion uses end-of-day BZZ token price feeds with proper decimal adjustment based on token metadata
- **Time aggregation**: Daily boundaries are established through timestamp truncation, with all events within a day aggregated to single daily totals
- **Final calculation**: The metric represents total daily fee revenue in USD from all postage stamp purchases and top-ups on the Swarm network, with zero-fill strategy applied to ensure no gaps in the time series and chain availability filtering to maintain data quality

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Total value users pay to use a protocol (gross fees, user-paid fees).

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