Liquidity providers deposit funds into Perpetual Protocol to earn a share of trading fees (supply-side fees). Perpetual Protocol leverages Uniswap v3's architecture as a pricing engine, enabling traders to access up to 10x leverage. Perpetual Protocol also offers Hot Tub vaults, which operate trading strategies that generate yield from arbitrage profits. 

Perpetual Protocol is an open-source and non-custodial exchange for perpetual contracts built on Optimism. Perpetual Protocol was founded by Shao-Kang Lee & Yenwen Feng and launched in 2019.

PERP token holders own and govern the protocol. Token holders can boost their governance power and earn 15% of trading fees paid by traders (revenue) by locking PERP into vote-escrowed PERP (vePERP). Perpetual Protocol's investors include CMS Holdings, Binance Labs, and Mechanism Capital.

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Perpetual Protocol

# Token holders Methodology

## Overview

Token holders measures the number of unique addresses that hold a non-zero balance of a project’s native token. Investors use this metric to track the growth of the token’s holder base over time.

## Data sources

- Blockchain state data and account balance snapshots
- On-chain events and program instructions capturing balance modifications
- Asset metadata for decimal normalization and chain identification
- End-of-day price feeds for USD conversion

## Common calculation approaches

### Snapshot-based balance tracking
Daily snapshots of account balances are extracted from blockchain state data to identify unique addresses with positive holdings. This method is utilized for networks including Ethereum and Tron, where end-of-day state records are used to verify the distribution of the native asset across all active addresses.

### Transaction and instruction analysis
Token holder counts are reconstructed by analyzing balance changes generated by native transfers and contract interactions. For example, on Solana, program instructions are monitored to maintain a running record of addresses with non-zero balances, ensuring that only accounts with holdings exceeding network storage requirements are included.

### UTXO-based state reconstruction
Address balances are determined by analyzing Unspent Transaction Outputs (UTXOs) from block records. This approach is applied to Bitcoin to identify the total number of unique addresses that maintain a positive balance based on the current set of unspent outputs.

### Staked and liquid balance integration
Both liquid and staked token balances are combined to provide a comprehensive count of unique holders. This pattern is seen on NEAR Protocol, where balance modifications for both liquid accounts and staking validators are aggregated to ensure all participants with an economic interest are captured.

**Note:** The calculation approaches and protocol examples above are representative patterns. Individual protocol implementations may vary.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Unique addresses holding a non-zero balance of the project's native token.

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Competitive landscape

Chain breakdown