Collators aggregate parachain transactions block candidates and producing state transition proofs for validators based on those blocks.

Pendulum is a decentralized blockchain for cross-border payments and traditional finance infrastructure powered by Polkadot Relay chain.

PEN holders own and govern the protocol. Pendulum is a subsidiary of SatoshiPay. SatoshiPay's investors include Blue Star Capital, KR1 plc, Stellar Development Foundation, etc.

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Blockchains (L2)

Pendulum

# Pendulum Block time Methodology

## 1. Overview

Block time measures the average time interval between consecutive blocks on the Pendulum blockchain, expressed in milliseconds. This metric provides insight into the network's block production consistency and performance. The calculation involves measuring time differences between consecutive blocks and aggregating these intervals into daily averages.

## 2. Data sources

The calculation uses:
- **Pendulum blockchain block data**: Raw blockchain block records containing `timestamp` and `number` fields for each block produced on the Pendulum network

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Block data extraction
- **Purpose**: Retrieves clean block timestamp and number data from the Pendulum blockchain
- **Logic**: Extracts `timestamp` and `number` fields from raw Pendulum block data, casting them to appropriate data types (timestamp and integer respectively). Excludes the genesis block (block 0) which has an abnormal timestamp at the start of Unix time that would skew calculations
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` (when the block was produced) and `block_number` (sequential block identifier)

### Component B: Block interval preparation
- **Purpose**: Pairs each block with its predecessor to enable time difference calculations
- **Logic**: Uses a LAG window function to associate each block with the timestamp of the previous block, ordered by block number in ascending sequence. This creates pairs of consecutive blocks needed for interval calculation
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` (current block time), `block_number` (current block), and `previous_timestamp` (timestamp of the preceding block)

### Component C: Block time calculation
- **Purpose**: Calculates individual block time intervals in milliseconds
- **Logic**: Computes the time difference between each block's timestamp and its predecessor's timestamp using millisecond precision. Groups results by day by truncating block timestamps to daily boundaries. Excludes the first block in the sequence since it has no predecessor
- **Key fields**: `timestamp` (truncated to day), `block_time` (interval in milliseconds between consecutive blocks)

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: All block time intervals for each day are averaged together using the AVG function to produce a single daily block time metric
- **Metadata assignment**: Adds standardized metadata including `chain_id` as 'pendulum', `market_sector_id` as 'blockchains_l2', `business_segment_id` as 'blockchain', and null `product_id`
- **Time aggregation**: Results are aggregated at daily boundaries with `timestamp_grain` set to 'day'
- **Final calculation**: The daily average block time represents the mean time interval in milliseconds between consecutive blocks produced on that day on the Pendulum network, processed through the finalize_metric_block_time macro for standardized formatting and filtered by chain availability settings

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

avg(block_timestamp - previous_block_timestamp)

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Block time

Block time

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