Collators aggregate parachain transactions block candidates and producing state transition proofs for validators based on those blocks.

Pendulum is a decentralized blockchain for cross-border payments and traditional finance infrastructure powered by Polkadot Relay chain.

PEN holders own and govern the protocol. Pendulum is a subsidiary of SatoshiPay. SatoshiPay's investors include Blue Star Capital, KR1 plc, Stellar Development Foundation, etc.

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Pendulum

# Pendulum Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average fees per user (AFPU) is measured as the fees paid per active user over a fixed 24-hour window on Pendulum Substrate. This metric is calculated by dividing the total daily fees collected by the network by the number of unique active users (daily) associated with transactions executed on that day. Insights into the revenue intensity per user are provided, and the network's monetization efficiency is assessed.

## 2. Data sources

- **Fees**: Derived from the Fees metric
- **Active users (daily)**: Derived from the Active users (daily) metric

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Fee collection and aggregation

- **Purpose**: The calculation of total daily fees in USD collected by the Pendulum Substrate network
- **Logic**: `TransactionFeePaid` events are extracted from Pendulum Substrate blockchain event logs. The event data JSON is parsed to extract both the base `amount` and `tip` components of each fee payment. These values are normalized by decimal precision. The sum of the base amount and tip is aggregated for each calendar day. Daily native asset totals are converted to USD using end-of-day price feeds for the native asset.
- **Key fields**: `amount` (base transaction fee), `tip` (additional fee tip), `block_timestamp` (transaction execution time), `event_data` (JSON containing fee amounts)

### Component B: Daily active user counting

- **Purpose**: The counting of unique active users (daily) associated with transactions executed each day
- **Logic**: User addresses are extracted from Pendulum Substrate extrinsic records by parsing the `id` field, which is designated as the transaction sender address. These addresses are classified as 'Transaction sender' user types. Transaction timestamps are truncated to daily boundaries, and distinct user addresses are counted within each day. Distinct counting is aggregated across multiple dimensional breakdowns including project-level, chain-level, user-type, and product-level views.
- **Key fields**: `id` (user address from extrinsic), `block_timestamp` (transaction time), `user_address` (processed sender address)

### Component C: Average fees per user calculation

- **Purpose**: The calculation of the final average fees per user (AFPU) on a daily basis
- **Logic**: Daily fee totals (in USD) are joined with the active users (daily) counts for each corresponding date. The total daily fees (USD) are divided by the count of active users (daily) to produce the average fees per user for each day. Missing days are filled with zeros to maintain a continuous time series. The final dataset is filtered to include only timestamps on or before September 24, 2026.
- **Key fields**: `fees` (total daily fees in USD), `user_dau` (active users (daily)), `afpu` (average fees per user)

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

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Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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