Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Kusama is a security & interoperability platform for blockchains and applications. Kusama was founded by Gavin Wood and launched in 2019.

KSM holders own and govern the protocol. They currently take a cut of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue).

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Blockchains (L1)

Kusama

# Kusama Active users (daily) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Daily Active Users (DAU) for Kusama measures the number of unique addresses that submitted at least one extrinsic (transaction) to the Kusama blockchain each day. This metric provides insight into daily user engagement and adoption of the Kusama network. The calculation aggregates distinct transaction senders from raw Kusama blockchain extrinsic data, grouped by day.

## 2. Data sources

The calculation relies on the following raw data sources:

- **Kusama blockchain extrinsic records**: Raw transaction data from the Kusama blockchain containing all extrinsics (transactions) submitted to the network, including block timestamps, extrinsic identifiers, and sender addresses
- **Kusama blockchain transaction data**: Complete transaction logs with sender identification and timing information

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Raw transaction processing
- **Purpose**: Extract and standardize raw Kusama blockchain transaction data
- **Logic**: The system processes raw Kusama extrinsic records, extracting key fields including block timestamp, extrinsic identifier, and the sender's address. Data type casting ensures consistent formatting, with timestamps converted to standard timestamp format and addresses cast as strings. Static metadata is applied to categorize transactions within the broader Token Terminal taxonomy, including chain identification, market sector classification, and user type designation.
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` provides transaction timing, `extrinsic_id` serves as the unique transaction identifier, and `id` represents the sender's address which becomes the `user_address`

### Component B: Daily user aggregation  
- **Purpose**: Count distinct active users per day
- **Logic**: Transaction timestamps are truncated to day-level granularity using timestamp truncation to eliminate time-of-day variations. The system then identifies distinct user addresses within each day, effectively counting each unique sender only once per day regardless of how many transactions they submitted. This creates a daily snapshot of unique active addresses on the Kusama network.
- **Key fields**: `timestamp` represents the daily boundary, `user_address` identifies unique senders, and `user_dau` becomes the final distinct user count

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: The raw transaction data flows directly into the daily aggregation step, with each extrinsic record contributing to the daily distinct count of active users
- **Currency conversion**: Not applicable for this user count metric
- **Time aggregation**: Daily boundaries are established using timestamp truncation to day level, ensuring all transactions within a 24-hour period contribute to that day's user count
- **Final calculation**: The metric represents the count of distinct user addresses that submitted at least one extrinsic to the Kusama blockchain on each given day. Users are classified as "Transaction sender" type and the network is categorized under the "blockchains_l2" market sector within Token Terminal's taxonomy.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Unique revenue-generating users over a fixed 24-hour window.

KusamaKSM

Active users (daily)

Active users (daily)

Competitive landscape