Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Kusama is a security & interoperability platform for blockchains and applications. Kusama was founded by Gavin Wood and launched in 2019.

KSM holders own and govern the protocol. They currently take a cut of the total transaction fees paid by users (revenue).

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Kusama

# Kusama Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the average amount of fees paid per daily active user on the Kusama network, expressed in USD. This metric helps assess user engagement intensity and network economics by showing how much each user contributes in fees on average per day. The calculation divides total daily network fees by the number of unique daily active users.

## 2. Data sources

- **Kusama extrinsic records**: Transaction data from the Kusama blockchain containing all extrinsic (transaction) records with sender addresses and timestamps
- **Kusama network fee data**: Raw fee collection data from the Kusama network showing total fees paid for transactions, stored as balance amounts with native token precision
- **End-of-day price feeds**: KSM token price data from CoinGecko providing daily USD exchange rates for currency conversion

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Daily active users calculation
- **Purpose**: Count unique transaction senders per day to determine daily active user count
- **Logic**: Extract all extrinsic transaction records from Kusama blockchain data and identify unique sender addresses per day. Filter to only include 'Transaction sender' user types. Truncate all timestamps to day boundaries to ensure consistent daily aggregation. Use HyperLogLog data structure for efficient counting of distinct user addresses, enabling scalable unique user counting across large datasets.
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` (truncated to day), `id` (transaction sender address as `user_address`), `extrinsic_id` for transaction identification

### Component B: Daily fees calculation  
- **Purpose**: Calculate total network fees collected per day in USD terms
- **Logic**: Process raw Kusama fee collection data by first deduplicating fee records to avoid double counting. Convert raw `balance_amount_total` values from native precision (12 decimal places) to standard KSM token units by dividing by 10^12. Aggregate fees by day using timestamp truncation to daily boundaries. Apply end-of-day CoinGecko price feeds to convert daily KSM fee totals to USD values.
- **Key fields**: `balance_amount_total` (raw fee amounts), `timestamp` (truncated to daily), converted `fees` in KSM units, USD-converted fee values

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Join daily active user counts with daily USD fee totals by matching on date boundaries. Both components are pre-aggregated to daily level with consistent timestamp truncation.
- **Currency conversion**: All fees are converted to USD using end-of-day CoinGecko exchange rates applied to daily KSM fee totals before the final division
- **Time aggregation**: Both user counts and fees use day-level timestamp boundaries. Missing days are filled with zero values for both metrics to maintain complete time series.
- **Final calculation**: Divide total daily USD fees by daily active user count to produce average fees per user in USD. Handle edge cases where user count is zero by applying appropriate null or zero handling in the division operation.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

KusamaKSM

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

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