Immutable zkEVM batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

Immutable zkEVM is an L2 smart contract platform for decentralized applications on Ethereum. Immutable zkEVM was founded by the Immutable team and launched in 2023.

Immutable team owns and governs the protocol. Immutable's investors include Coinbase Ventures, Temasek, Tencent Holdings, etc.

website

twitter

github

telegram

discord

medium

governance

etherscan

Blockchains (L2)

Immutable zkEVM

# Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## Overview

Average fees per user (AFPU) measures the fees paid per active user over a fixed 24-hour window. It is calculated as total daily fees divided by active users (daily), and reflects how much an individual user pays for the project’s service on a daily basis.

## Data sources

- Smart contract events capturing fee-generating activities and user interactions
- End-of-day price feeds for USD conversion
- Token metadata for decimal precision

## Common calculation approaches

### Fee-generating event tracking
Fee data is obtained from smart contract events emitted during user interactions. For example, stability fees and liquidation penalties are sourced from projects like Sky, while interest fees and flash loan premiums are obtained from `LendingPool` contracts from Prime Numbers.

### User activity and ratio calculation
active users (daily) are identified by unique addresses interacting with contracts, such as `Mint` and `Redeem` events from issuers like Ethena. The final metric is calculated by dividing the total daily fees by the daily active user count for projects including Maple Finance and Flashbots.

**Note:** The calculation approaches and protocol examples above are representative patterns. Individual protocol implementations may vary.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Immutable zkEVMIMX

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Competitive landscape