Base batches users' transactions and submits them to Ethereum, paying a share of the transaction fees to Ethereum validators (expense).

Base is an Ethereum Layer 2 (L2) offering a secure, low-cost, builder-friendly way for anyone, anywhere, to build onchain.

Coinbase team owns and governs the protocol. Coinbase is a public company and its investors include Andreessen Horowitz, Vanguard Group, ARK Investment Management, etc.

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Blockchains (L2)

Base

# Base Average fees per user (AFPU) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Average Fees Per User (AFPU) measures the daily average transaction fees paid per active user on the Base blockchain. This metric divides total daily fees collected by the protocol by the number of daily active users, providing insight into user monetization and fee efficiency. The calculation uses the formula: AFPU = Total Daily Fees (USD) / Daily Active Users.

## 2. Data sources

- **Base blockchain transaction records**: Complete transaction data from the Base layer 2 network including sender addresses, gas usage, gas prices, and L1/L2 fee components
- **End-of-day token price feeds**: WETH/ETH price data from Ethereum mainnet used to convert ETH-denominated fees to USD values
- **Base transaction metadata**: Gas pricing parameters including L1 gas usage, L1 gas price, L1 fee scalar, L2 gas usage, and L2 gas price

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Daily active users calculation
- **Purpose**: Count unique active users per day on Base blockchain
- **Logic**: Extract transaction sender addresses (`from_address`) from Base blockchain transactions. Group transactions by day using timestamp truncation. Apply distinct count using HyperLogLog aggregation to efficiently handle large user sets while maintaining accuracy. Users are classified as "Transaction sender" type within the "blockchains_l2" market sector.
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` for daily grouping, `from_address` for user identification, `transaction_hash` for transaction linking

### Component B: Gas fees calculation  
- **Purpose**: Calculate total daily transaction fees on Base in ETH denomination
- **Logic**: Process Base transaction records to extract gas consumption and pricing data. Calculate L2 fees using gas used multiplied by gas price, divided by 1e18 to convert from wei to ETH. Calculate L1 fees using L1 gas used multiplied by L1 gas price multiplied by L1 fee scalar, divided by 1e18. Sum both L1 and L2 fee components to get total transaction fees. Group by day and aggregate total fees.
- **Key fields**: `gas_used` and `gas_price` for L2 fees, `l1_gas_used`, `l1_gas_price`, and `l1_fee_scalar` for L1 fees

### Component C: USD conversion
- **Purpose**: Convert ETH-denominated fees to USD values
- **Logic**: Apply end-of-day WETH token price from Ethereum mainnet to convert total daily fees from ETH to USD. Use the WETH contract address `0xc02aaa39b223fe8d0a0e5c4f27ead9083c756cc2` as the pricing reference. Price conversion occurs at the daily level using end-of-day exchange rates.
- **Key fields**: `token_address` for price lookup, `fees` for conversion amount, `timestamp` for price date matching

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: Join the daily active users count with daily fees in USD by date. Both metrics are calculated at daily granularity and aligned by timestamp.
- **Currency conversion**: All fees are converted to USD using end-of-day WETH prices from Ethereum mainnet before division
- **Time aggregation**: Data is aggregated to daily boundaries using timestamp truncation to day level
- **Final calculation**: Divide total daily fees in USD by the daily active users count to produce AFPU. Apply gap filling to ensure continuous time series by filling missing days with zero values. Validate schema and apply data quality checks through finalization processes.

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Base

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Average fees per user (AFPU)

Competitive landscape