Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Astar is a collective driving web3 adoption by connecting people through blockchain technology, business innovation, decentralized applications, and seamless digital experiences in the Polkadot ecosystem. Astar was founded by Sota Watanabe and launched in 2021.

ASTR tokenholders own and govern the protocol. Part of the transaction fees is burned (revenue). Astar’s investors include Binance, Polychain Capital, Crypto.com, etc.

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Blockchains (L2)

Astar

# Astar Transactions per second Methodology

## 1. Overview

Transactions per second (TPS) for Astar measures the average number of transactions processed per second on the Astar blockchain on a daily basis. This metric captures activity across both Astar's native Substrate layer and its Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatibility layer, providing a comprehensive view of network throughput. The calculation divides the total daily transaction count by the number of seconds in a day (86,400) to produce an average transactions per second value.

## 2. Data sources

The calculation uses the following raw blockchain data sources:
- **Astar extrinsics data**: Native Substrate blockchain extrinsics with block timestamps and unique extrinsic identifiers
- **Astar blockchain events**: Event logs from the Astar blockchain, specifically filtered for Ethereum pallet events
- **EVM transaction events**: Events with method `Executed` from the `ethereum` pallet, representing EVM-compatible transactions
- **Block timestamp data**: Temporal information for aggregating transactions by day

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Transaction data extraction and unification
- **Purpose**: Combines transactions from both Astar's Substrate and EVM layers into a unified dataset
- **Logic**: Extracts native Substrate extrinsics using their `extrinsic_id` and `block_timestamp` fields, tagged with chain identifier `astar`. Separately extracts EVM transactions by filtering blockchain events for the `ethereum` pallet with method `Executed`, creating composite transaction identifiers by concatenating `extrinsic_id` with `event_index`, and tagging with chain identifier `astarevm`. Both data streams are unioned together to create a comprehensive transaction dataset
- **Key fields**: `block_timestamp` for temporal aggregation, `extrinsic_id` for Substrate transactions, composite `extrinsic_id-event_index` for EVM transactions, and `chain_id` distinguishing transaction types

### Component B: Daily transaction count aggregation
- **Purpose**: Aggregates the unified transaction data into daily counts by chain type
- **Logic**: Groups transactions by day using timestamp truncation to daily boundaries, counts distinct transaction identifiers using approximate distinct count for performance, and groups results by chain type (astar vs astarevm) and product identifier (Astar Substrate). Applies incremental processing logic to only recalculate recent days when updating
- **Key fields**: `timestamp` truncated to day level, `timestamp_grain` set to 'day', `chain_id` for transaction type, `product_id` set to 'Astar Substrate', and `transaction_count` containing the distinct count of transactions

### Final aggregation
- **Combining components**: The daily transaction counts are summed across both chain types (astar and astarevm) to get total daily transaction volume for the entire Astar network
- **Currency conversion**: No currency conversion required for this transaction count metric
- **Time aggregation**: Daily boundaries are maintained with timestamp truncation to day level
- **Final calculation**: Divides the total daily transaction count by the number of seconds in a day (86,400) using safe division to produce the average transactions per second. The result undergoes schema validation and gap-filling with zero values for days with no transactions using the finalize metric macro

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Average confirmed user transactions added per second.

AstarASTR

Transactions per second

Transactions per second

Competitive landscape

Chain breakdown