Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Astar is a collective driving web3 adoption by connecting people through blockchain technology, business innovation, decentralized applications, and seamless digital experiences in the Polkadot ecosystem. Astar was founded by Sota Watanabe and launched in 2021.

ASTR tokenholders own and govern the protocol. Part of the transaction fees is burned (revenue). Astar’s investors include Binance, Polychain Capital, Crypto.com, etc.

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# Astar Token holders Methodology

## 1. Overview

Token holders measures the number of unique addresses that hold a non-zero balance of the Astar native asset. This metric is used to track the growth and distribution of the holder base over time within the Astar Substrate ecosystem. It serves as a key indicator of network adoption and the expansion of the participant base among investors and users.

## 2. Data sources

- **Blockchain events**: `NewAccount` and `KilledAccount` events from Astar Substrate

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Account lifecycle event extraction

- **Purpose**: Identify the creation and removal of addresses with non-zero balances
- **Logic**: `NewAccount` and `KilledAccount` events are parsed from the Astar Substrate event logs. These events represent the lifecycle of accounts relative to the network's existential deposit requirement. A value of 1 is assigned to each `NewAccount` event, signifying the initialization of a new holding address. A value of -1 is assigned to each `KilledAccount` event, signifying that an address balance has reached zero and the account has been removed from the ledger.
- **Key fields**: `event_method`, `block_timestamp`

### Component B: Cumulative holder aggregation

- **Purpose**: Calculate the total number of unique holders over time
- **Logic**: The daily net change in holders is determined by summing the assigned values from all lifecycle events within a UTC day. A cumulative sum is then calculated across the entire time series of these daily net changes to determine the total number of unique addresses holding a balance at the end of each day.
- **Key fields**: `daily_change`, `timestamp`

### Component C: Data normalization and gap filling

- **Purpose**: Ensure a continuous and accurate daily time series
- **Logic**: A fill-forward mechanism is applied to account for days where no lifecycle events are recorded, ensuring the metric reflects the most recent known holder count. The data is filtered to include only records where the holder count is greater than zero. Final values are normalized to a daily granularity and mapped to canonical metadata for Astar Substrate.
- **Key fields**: `tokenholders`, `timestamp_grain`

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Unique addresses holding a non-zero balance of the project's native token.

AstarASTR

Token holders

Token holders

Competitive landscape

Chain breakdown