# Active users (monthly) Methodology

## 1. Overview

Active users (monthly) measures the number of unique addresses that make a revenue-generating transaction on Astar Substrate. This metric accounts for activity across both the native Substrate layer and the EVM-compatible layer. Unique addresses are identified as transaction signers who initiate state-changing actions that result in fee payments.

## 2. Data sources

- **Blockchain events**: Substrate `extrinsics` and `Executed` events from the `ethereum` pallet, covering Astar Substrate and Astar EVM

## 3. Step-by-step calculation

### Component A: Astar Substrate native activity tracking

- **Purpose**: Identify unique users interacting with the Substrate-native layer of the network
- **Logic**: User addresses are extracted from the signer field of all successful `extrinsics`. These records represent native transactions initiated on the blockchain.
- **Key fields**: `user_address` (derived from the extrinsic signer), `block_timestamp` (timing of the transaction)

### Component B: Astar Substrate EVM activity tracking

- **Purpose**: Identify unique users interacting with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) layer of the network
- **Logic**: `Executed` events from the `ethereum` pallet are parsed to capture EVM-compatible transaction activity. The user address is extracted from the first element of the event data array, representing the transaction sender.
- **Key fields**: `event_data` (containing the sender address), `block_timestamp` (timing of the execution)

### Component C: Monthly aggregation and deduplication

- **Purpose**: Calculate the final count of unique monthly participants across all network layers
- **Logic**: Addresses identified from both native `extrinsics` and EVM `Executed` events are combined into a single dataset. A distinct count of these addresses is calculated over 30-day rolling windows. UTC day boundaries are applied to ensure consistent monthly measurement.
- **Key fields**: `user_address` (for unique identification), `block_timestamp` (for monthly bucketing)

*This methodology was automatically generated by Token Terminal's methodology analyzer.*

Unique revenue-generating users over a rolling 30-day window.

Active users (monthly)

Blockchains (L2)

Validators process transactions and receive fees from users (supply-side fees).

Astar is a collective driving web3 adoption by connecting people through blockchain technology, business innovation, decentralized applications, and seamless digital experiences in the Polkadot ecosystem. Astar was founded by Sota Watanabe and launched in 2021.

ASTR tokenholders own and govern the protocol. Part of the transaction fees is burned (revenue). Astar’s investors include Binance, Polychain Capital, Crypto.com, etc.

Astar Substrate

Active users (monthly)

Active users (monthly)

Chain breakdown